A Well-Behaved Child

A Well-Behaved Child Children are the best gift created by God. They are like wet sand, they become what others want them to become. Children needs good care attention from their elders. In order to have a well-behaved child, parents and others have to teach them good habits. There are four steps for a parent to make their child well behaved. The first thing to teach a child is about their daily schedules. The parents who make timetables for their children are more successful than those who do not do.Because of this the child knows every hour what he should do or not. The child utilize most of his time by doing valuable things like playing, eating, studying, etc. , according to his schedule. In order to have a well-skilled child, parents need to give extra time to teach and play with their child so that their child can get love and help with homework and school activities. The second thing is that every child copies whatever he watches other person doing. In order to that, parents sh ould be active to watch every step of their child.In addition, they also should take care of their activities in front of their child. For example parents should not do bad things in front of their child like talking loud, arguing with each other etc. Most activity around the child either in school or in house really affects the growth of child. The third factor is healthy diet. Nutritional food has a great role in a child’s life. For instance, if a child is having more of fats and high cholesterol in his diet, it can lead to overweight and if he is not getting enough diet he can lead to underweight.This can lead lost of self confidence and can make a child lazy. Parents have a major role in making their child healthy by giving them nutritious food. The final step is to take care of the character of the child. Parents should teach children to be honest, caring, kind and lovable. some children are very annoying and are hated by all. Parents should take care that their child be haves properly when outside the house. For example some children beat other children and behave very badly in restaurants, school and outside the house.This is hated by all and no one wants their child to be like that. Children should respect their elders and should have a smiling face while meeting others. These values count a lot in a person’s future. Overall, parents have a major role in the growth of a child. Behavior of a child depends on the actions of parents. Parents should take care of their actions and should leave a good impact on them. Moreover, children should be kept well organized and disciplined. They should have the values for how to talk with elders and how to behave with others.

Othello – Iago Character Analysis

Iago, in Shakespeare's Othello, is a deceiving character because he tells lies in order to get what he wants. He interacts with people only to manipulate them, but most importantly he never reveals his true feelings or motives. Iago might say things that suggest what his motive is, but he soon contradicts himself with another suggestion making it extremely difficult to understand him. Although Iago's true motives cannot be determined, some motives could be jealousy, the enjoyment of seeing people suffer, or power.Iago's jealous of Othello and Cassio because he thinks that both of them slept with his wife, Emilia. In Iago's first soliloquy at the end of act 1, Iago says that Othello might have slept with his wife and even though this is a rumor, he says that he will believe it. Then in his second soliloquy at the end of act 2, scene 1, Iago reiterates and once again says that Othello slept with his wife, the only difference is that now he thinks Cassio has slept with his wife too beca use he believes that Cassio is a â€Å"proper man† and a playboy.So, this seems to be a driving force for Iago to ruin Othello and Cassio. Iago's jealousy towards Othello quickly turns into a jealousy toward Cassio too because Othello appointed Cassio as lieutenant instead of Iago. Iago believes that he should be lieutenant because he has fought by Othello's side in battles and because he has actual war experience, whereas Cassio learned all of his tactics from books. So, he is jealous because he didn't get the job, but he is angry because he thinks that Othello made Cassio his lieutenant because Cassio helped Othello marry Desdemona.Iago doesn't know anything about proportion, meaning that if he has been wronged he will bring justice to himself by giving the culprit a punishment that doesn't match the crime. In this case, Iago wasn't appointed as lieutenant; therefore, he wants to torture Othello and Cassio mentally and then kill them. This could be the result of his hatred and jealousy. Another motive that might cause Iago's behavior is that he is a sadist; he just likes to enjoy watching other people suffer.Iago is a very clever person and he enjoys seeing how idiots make fools of themselves. One of these idiots is Iago's â€Å"buddy,† Roderigo. Roderigo is a typical wealthy, Venetian aristocrat who is madly in love with Desdemona and he has given Iago the task of helping him woo her. Iago uses this to his advantage, even though Iago uses Roderigo to ruin Cassio and Othello, he gets some amusement by watching Roderigo prance around and go nuts over Desdemona. Iago also finds it funny when Roderigo wants to go kill himself after he finds out that Desdemona married Othello.There are multiple times throughout the play where Roderigo should have known that Iago was just using him for money and some laughs and since Roderigo doesn't pick up on this, Iago can use Roderigo to his advantage. Power is probably the most important motive. Iago is very co nniving and clever and he can use this to manipulate people. It is clearly seen that Iago thrives for power because he loves manipulating people so that they doe exactly what he says. He does this to Roderigo many times, like when Iago tells Roderigo to give him all of his money and when he convinces Roderigo to kill Cassio.He even controls Othello to the point that Othello suspects his wife and decides to kill her. Iago's thirst for power is also seen when Cassio is appointed to be Othello's lieutenant because this was, supposedly, the basis for his revenge. He really wanted to be lieutenant because it is a very high position and with it comes a lot of power and Iago proves that he would do anything to get that sort of power. Therefore, one of Iago's motives could be that he has a tremendous thirst for power.In conclusion, many believe that Iago is just a psychopath, which is true to some extent; however, he is also very smart and clever. If he wasn't clever he would not be able to carry out his revenge because he wouldn't be able to manipulate anyone. The probable motives – power, sadism, jealousy and anger are some reasons for why Iago is psychotic, but it is nearly impossible to figure out his true motives from the text. Even though this may be true, Iago does suggest these motives and all of them are supported by the text, but even this could be one of Iago's ploys because nobody can truly understand Iago. Othello – Iago Character Analysis Iago, in Shakespeare's Othello, is a deceiving character because he tells lies in order to get what he wants. He interacts with people only to manipulate them, but most importantly he never reveals his true feelings or motives. Iago might say things that suggest what his motive is, but he soon contradicts himself with another suggestion making it extremely difficult to understand him. Although Iago's true motives cannot be determined, some motives could be jealousy, the enjoyment of seeing people suffer, or power.Iago's jealous of Othello and Cassio because he thinks that both of them slept with his wife, Emilia. In Iago's first soliloquy at the end of act 1, Iago says that Othello might have slept with his wife and even though this is a rumor, he says that he will believe it. Then in his second soliloquy at the end of act 2, scene 1, Iago reiterates and once again says that Othello slept with his wife, the only difference is that now he thinks Cassio has slept with his wife too beca use he believes that Cassio is a â€Å"proper man† and a playboy.So, this seems to be a driving force for Iago to ruin Othello and Cassio. Iago's jealousy towards Othello quickly turns into a jealousy toward Cassio too because Othello appointed Cassio as lieutenant instead of Iago. Iago believes that he should be lieutenant because he has fought by Othello's side in battles and because he has actual war experience, whereas Cassio learned all of his tactics from books. So, he is jealous because he didn't get the job, but he is angry because he thinks that Othello made Cassio his lieutenant because Cassio helped Othello marry Desdemona.Iago doesn't know anything about proportion, meaning that if he has been wronged he will bring justice to himself by giving the culprit a punishment that doesn't match the crime. In this case, Iago wasn't appointed as lieutenant; therefore, he wants to torture Othello and Cassio mentally and then kill them. This could be the result of his hatred and jealousy. Another motive that might cause Iago's behavior is that he is a sadist; he just likes to enjoy watching other people suffer.Iago is a very clever person and he enjoys seeing how idiots make fools of themselves. One of these idiots is Iago's â€Å"buddy,† Roderigo. Roderigo is a typical wealthy, Venetian aristocrat who is madly in love with Desdemona and he has given Iago the task of helping him woo her. Iago uses this to his advantage, even though Iago uses Roderigo to ruin Cassio and Othello, he gets some amusement by watching Roderigo prance around and go nuts over Desdemona. Iago also finds it funny when Roderigo wants to go kill himself after he finds out that Desdemona married Othello.There are multiple times throughout the play where Roderigo should have known that Iago was just using him for money and some laughs and since Roderigo doesn't pick up on this, Iago can use Roderigo to his advantage. Power is probably the most important motive. Iago is very co nniving and clever and he can use this to manipulate people. It is clearly seen that Iago thrives for power because he loves manipulating people so that they doe exactly what he says. He does this to Roderigo many times, like when Iago tells Roderigo to give him all of his money and when he convinces Roderigo to kill Cassio.He even controls Othello to the point that Othello suspects his wife and decides to kill her. Iago's thirst for power is also seen when Cassio is appointed to be Othello's lieutenant because this was, supposedly, the basis for his revenge. He really wanted to be lieutenant because it is a very high position and with it comes a lot of power and Iago proves that he would do anything to get that sort of power. Therefore, one of Iago's motives could be that he has a tremendous thirst for power.In conclusion, many believe that Iago is just a psychopath, which is true to some extent; however, he is also very smart and clever. If he wasn't clever he would not be able to carry out his revenge because he wouldn't be able to manipulate anyone. The probable motives – power, sadism, jealousy and anger are some reasons for why Iago is psychotic, but it is nearly impossible to figure out his true motives from the text. Even though this may be true, Iago does suggest these motives and all of them are supported by the text, but even this could be one of Iago's ploys because nobody can truly understand Iago.

Because I was first Adam

Adam was the first human being to inhabit the earth; he had total authority over every living creature and was free to roam about The Garden of Eden as he pleased. As the story unfolds Eve is created as Adam’s counterpart and they are to live together as one. Many Christians believe that Eve was created inferior to Adam; therefore, man has the authority to rule the relationship. This is not the case – the following will show nature’s natural act of compensation. Men are habitual and as a woman having analyzed the opposite sex I’ve found at they are quite predictable.Men and the television – even though this topic is cliche, it’s always a great place to start. I’ve never known a man that didn’t like The Three Stooges. Curly, Mo and Larry – all three have their quirky habits. Within seconds, the man’s attention is drawn to the television and it stays until the movie’s end. To analyze – the storylines ar e simple, take little concentration and there’s no real point to the story. Women are drawn to the complicated stories with emotional and dramatic story lines – often called â€Å"chick flicks.† We are hoping for the happy ending because we understand how necessary it is to think positive and have an open mind. Thousands of years ago the world was far from discovered and what lied ahead for Adam and Eve was complicated, dramatic and required a positive outlook. Eve’s natural instinct to consider the details and the implications was necessary for the discovery of the world as we know it. Another commonality between males is the love for driving, of course if he takes a wrong turn or loses his way he will not admit it.In the male brain, it’s a sign of weakness to admit failure – it’s far more masculine to drive for hours making that dominant attempt to reach his destination. A woman takes the logical approach; she pulls into the nearest gas station and asks for directions. Looking back thousands of years, again the world was young and there were many miles to discover. Eve’s logical approach to the world was needed. Thousands of years later, we’re still discovering the world. Can you imagine where we would be if we didn’t have the female brain to stop and ask for directions?Men are dominant, they’re instinct is to challenge and conquer. Driving hundreds of miles in one stretch, Football and boxing attract a man’s attention because of that instinct. The female was created to look at the world through a different perspective. We look at the details, consider the implications of our actions and consider the emotional context of certain situations. Neither Adam or Eve were superior to the other, their thought processes were simply different. The male and female complete each other, which explain the necessity of two genders.

Political Ideologies in Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Political Ideologies in Conflict - Essay Example Socialism’s key theme is based on the community’s power, instead of individual effort (Alesina & Rodrik 465). On the other hand, equality denotes the creation of a society that is fairer and everyone is a participant and is accorded an opportunity to realize their potential. Equality aims at getting rid of discrimination and prejudice so as to offer fair, diverse and personal services to the society (Alesina & Rodrik 471). It aims at eliminating discrimination based on gender, age, religion, race and ethnicity. Ideology entails a set of ideas reflecting a nation’s, people’s or society’s beliefs. This paper will discuss the role of equality in socialist ideology. Socialism and equality are inseparable. Early socialism (also known as Utopian socialism) criticized the capitalist society, condemning it and pushing for its destruction (Nozick 16). It struggled to make the rich realize the immorality caused by exploitation. The desire for a new system and order contained the emergent factors of socialist ideas and represented the reaction of the working masses’ wishes of emancipation and, concurrently, their political and ideological powerlessness. Over many years, socialist ideologists tried to authenticate the ideal of a fair society with no exploitation and class oppression (Giacomo & Gruner 90). They advocated for equality. In socialism, equality is addressed in four forms; economic, foundational, formal and equality of opportunity (Blanchflower & Freeman 439). Foundational equality addresses the fact that God created all people as equal human beings. This is further explained to clarify that not all have the same abilities and talents , rather, because of the common humanity, their moral worth is equal (Alesina & Rodrik 479). Formal equality addresses the aspect of citizens and the law. It provides that State institutions are obliged to accord its citizens equal treatment, and that the institutions should themselves remain subject to the law as a way of defence against possible dictatorship of the State. Equality of opportunity fights discrimination in education, employment, housing or social services because of race, colour or sex (Giacomo & Gruner 84). Finally, economic equality intends to eliminate disproportions in the distribution of wealth, income disparities, and the gap between the poor and the rich (Blanchflower & Freeman 440). Socialists view social inequality as a disproportion of economic advantages within a society (Giacomo & Gruner 86). They believe humans must be accorded equal opportunity to prosper in the society. However, humans are not treated equally in all senses. To this end, socialists decl are inequality an evil that should be eliminated. In particular, wealth inequality is so evil among socialists that it justifies the forceful repossession from those who have it in abundance for fairer redistribution to the poor (Blanchflower & Freeman 446). Socialism is outstanding for its sustenance for social equality. Parliamentary socialists approved equality of opportunity as a substitute to equality of outcome because it signifies an unassuming level of outcome through the redeployment of wealth (Alesina & Rodrik 481). They base their support for equality on several factors. They argue that it is a more significant variety of equality than equal opportunities or formal

The Abolitionist Crusade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Abolitionist Crusade - Essay Example Efforts to end slavery began earlier in the colonial era where Quakers who were members of Society of Friends, were the main torchbearers of the abolitionist movement. The main idea at that period was that blacks were inferior while the whites were superior. However, the Quakers held a different opinion and promoted the idea that all people regardless the skin colour where seen to be equal in God’s eyes and had a spark within. The Quakers abolitionists’ first goal was to end slave trade among its membership and believed that if the trade in slaves was abolished, slavery as a whole would seize to exist. Notably, John Woolman and Benezet Anthony urged the other Quakers to disconnect from the barbaric slave trade and all connections to slavery (Ferrell 12-13). The Quaker congregations in the 1760s began expelling members who were involved in slave trade. The Quakers in the American colonies influenced the British Quakers and the latter founded the first antislavery society in 1793 named London Committee to Abolish Slave Trade. The abolitionist crusade got a boost during the American Revolution since it became very hard for the whites, who had fought for their independence from Britain to attain universal human rights, to be able to justify their involvement in slavery. The abolitionists took advantage of this and encouraged the states in the North to end slavery and great achievements had been realised by the 1804. The success was manifest when the Congress banned slavery in most of Northwest region. In late 1820s and early 1830s, the abolitionist crusade took root and became more radical. The growing agitation of the blacks in the South region spurred the urgency among the white abolitionists who got the fear that continuation of slavery would lead to violence. For instance, Vesey Denmark who was a free black, led to a massive revolt in South Carolina and Nat Turner led a bloody uprising in Virginia. This sounded

Mount Sinai Hospital Pediatric Cardiolody issues Term Paper

Mount Sinai Hospital Pediatric Cardiolody issues - Term Paper Example One of the reasons behind Mount Sinai Hospitals huge success is the management practices it adheres to. Mount Sinais view of organizational effectiveness is more wholesome, as opposed to profit-making ventures. A critical look at Mount Sinai Hospital shows that as an institution, it sees effectiveness as a culmination of the integration and application of the three dimensions of management: focus, structure and time-horizons. As is postulated by Robert Quinn and John Rohrbaugh, when the three dimensions they form four dynamic and competing models of organizational effectiveness (Tompkins, 2004). The first model is the human relations model which internally focuses on people who make up the organization and is emphatic on the need to promote structural flexibility, intra-organizational cohesion, motivation and training, as the means of actualizing organizational effectiveness, as can be seen in the human relations theory. Mount Sinai Hospital can be seen to have perfected the use of the human relations models. This exemplified by the fact that the New York Magazine in 2009 listed 129 of Mount Sinai Hospitals physicians to its Best Physicians List. One of the ways this healthcare services institution has been able to do is by sustaining competitive recruitment processes for its medical and non-medical staff. To this effect, Mount Sinai Hospital sticks to: commitment to patients welfare; the candidates wellbeing; and roundedness; and overall grades that the candidates scored during his medical training. These measures are usually observed if the recruitment exercise is being done to applicants who wish to work as physicians. Mount Sinai Hospital uses previous commitment to community work in medical or healthcare institutions as the yardstick for measuring the love for the patient (commitment to the patients welfare). Experience and academic records are also considered

Ethnic minorities in USA and UK jail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Ethnic minorities in USA and UK jail - Essay Example In the contemporary era, it has been evident that there are about two adults in Jail for every Afro-Caribbean male. This ratio is clearly observable in the prisons of United States of America. Several scholarly reports signify that the prisons of United Kingdom have higher ratio of black prisoners as compared to the white population. Around 27 percent of the prison population in Wales and England identify themselves as belonging from ethic minority groups. The black convicts of UK and USA are five times higher than that of the white convicts. The police and the judicial system of USA and UK constitute maximum officials from the major group of the society i.e. the white population. Therefore, the jurisdiction system of UK and USA are criticized by many civil societies across the world. There are mainly three broad explanations that have been brought forward in the favour of the possibility for higher number of minority prisoners in UK and USA. First of all, disproportionate criminality can be a reason. The persons belonging from different ethnicities and minority groups have higher tendency to commit crimes. Secondly, the jurisdiction, detection of crimes and prosecution are more likely to be charged against the minority groups under the light of limited evidences. Thirdly, disproportionate conviction can be a major reason behind sentencing minority group prisoners for longer imprisonment. It is important to note that the relationship between criminality and race is perplexing. Several debates and critics have surrounded the jurisdiction system of UK and USA with respect to fair treatment with the respective populations. This essay highlights the important factors that have over-represented ethnic minorities in USA and UK prisons. The proportion of black people in prison in United States is lower compared to England and Wales. Politicians and experts have stated that

It has been observed that, in comparison to audiences elsewhere in the Essay - 1

It has been observed that, in comparison to audiences elsewhere in the world, audiences in Britain and America have very little access to texts created beyond their own cultures (Squires, 2007, p. 408) - Essay Example He postulates further that, the number of English speakers outnumbers the native speakers by the ratio of 3:1. All the above figures show that English is a language that cannot be ignored on the world stage. The following are the number of English language speakers in the top five countries, the figures are in millions: United States of America-215 which represents 95.81 percent, United Kingdom-61, which represents 97.74 percent, Canada, 18.2, Australia, 15 and Nigeria 4. All these, indicate that English has a global image (English dominance in The World, 2014). It is a fact that cannot be contested that the English language, dominates the world in almost all spheres. It is spoken and written in almost every part of the world where business and education are taking place. A number of factors have attributed this. Firstly, Great Britain, which has 97 percent of its population speaking English, colonized most of the countries in the world, especially in Africa and Asia when compared to other colonial powers. This means that, it exported its people and culture to different parts of the world. As the master, the subjects had to learn English in order to get education that it offered. English was also one of the qualifications for one to get employment; therefore, people went to school, learned English purposely to get employment and also to be able to communicate. The missionaries also taught people how to write and speak English. This successfully made English the language of communication and education (English Dominance in The World, 2014). Secondly, America being a superpower and Britain doing economically well means that people will tend to migrate from other parts of the world either to get employment or to get an education. One of the conditions before one is allowed to immigrate to America or Britain, is being proficient in English. Therefore, one has to make sure that he/she has learned English before going to these countries or learn

Admail case assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Admail case - Assignment Example results into fatigue, is another problem that project managers face on a regular basis coupled with the aspect of balancing quality delivery as well as growth and expansion of the business (Mitchell et al., 2003). The Canadian Post has over time served the Canadian citizenry correctly through all of their products and services. However, the Admail, which is tasked with the delivery of advertising messages, has in the recent past been on the spotlight due to inefficiency. The ineffectiveness has been brought about by the fact that on certain occasions, Admail helpers have not been delivering messages in time (Kernaghan et al., 2000). The once competitive and highly profitable part of the Canadian Post has faced a myriad of problems in the past, most of which have materialized due to the poor organization within the section. In handling this assignment, I am going to provide a vivid description of how to structure and manage the firm, which would compete effectively with Admail, and av oid the problems that it has been facing. This exploration is based on environmental analysis, organizational culture, planning as well as decision-making. Admail, which is run by the Canadian Post serves well over thirteen million customers within Canada. It has managed to achieve such a customer base due to the influence of the Canadian Post, which is its parent organization. In order to put up another firm, that can compete with Admail as it expands, I would settle on the central Canadian region, notably Ontario to serve as the hedquarter. Apart from being strategically located to serve the entire country, Ontario has a large population, which would act as the perfect customer base with which to begin. For purposes of this assignment, the new firm would be referred to the Mail Daily. Mail Daily would be headed by a chief operations officer, who would be tasked with the responsibility of overseeing the daily tasks that concern the organization. Similarly, the organization would be

Taoism and the Yin Yang Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Taoism and the Yin Yang Philosophy - Essay Example Taoism Taoism serves as both a philosophy and a religion. Its roots can be traced back to ancient Shamanism. The Tao Te Ching which is the second most translated book in history codifies Taoism. Lao Tzu the sage wrote the 81 poems in 500 BC. Taoism is centered on a number of fundamental principles. Just like any other philosophical point of view, it gives a way of perceiving and comprehending reality. The word â€Å"Tao† means the way. The meaning is inclusive of both the way in which individuals view the world surrounding them and the way they interact with life. Our path of action and way of being in the world is influenced by how we view reality. The key principle of Taoism is that all manifestation and life is part of a whole which is inseparable. It is an interrelated organic unity that originates from a mysterious, deep and basically unexplainable origin that is the Tao itself. This principle comprises of everything imaginable. A number of Western translators have likene d this concept to the idea of God, absolute reality or universal mind among others (Centre of Traditional Taoist Studies, 2009). Basic principles of Taoism All aspects of existence are unified by the Tao Te Ching. It brings together both the spiritual and earthly dimensions with principles that operate at the same time in metaphysical, mental and physical realms. Classical Taoist instruction therefore included philosophy, meditation, physical exercise and religious ceremonies to strengthen how core principles exceed dimensions. There are nine key Principles of Taoism that precisely explain its cornerstone religious doctrines. The first principle is that the goal is contentment. Contentment is defined as the only measure that should be used to estimate personal success. Taoism teaches that a physical existence that is content will best make the soul ready for the time when the body will be cast off (Centre of Traditional Taoist Studies, 2009). The second principle is oneness-a holist ic view. Taoism as a religious and philosophical system is built on a view of reality that is holistic. It uses principles that cut across the seen as well as unseen dimensions to unify all existence. Universal oneness is represented with white and black colors that rotate in a circle using its renowned yin-yang symbol. The third principle is the manifestation of the Tao. Since reason alone cannot be trusted, Taoism avoids conceptions that cannot be tested and affirmed by practical application. This requires a Taoist to not only rely on speculation but learn by looking at concrete demonstrations of larger universal forces. The fourth principle is that nature is unkind. Seemingly, since all effort is committed towards survival, there is little compassion in the natural world. Taoists are therefore encouraged by Lao Tzu to adopt an outlook of harsh unconcern towards everyone except a few loved ones. The fifth principle is that of society versus the individual. Taoism is mainly a philo sophy for the individual. It perceives society to be inclusive of confused individuals that freely resign to alluring social patterns. The Taoist therefore distinguishes effective beliefs from ineffective ones. This is by understanding the presence of useful individual beliefs and possibly useless social values (Centre of Traditional Taoist Studies, 2009). The sixth principle is th

Effect of Ph on Food Preservatives Essay Example for Free

Effect of Ph on Food Preservatives Essay Sodium Benzoate is a common food preservative used in food products such as jams and jellies, soft drinks, pickles, condiments etc and in tinned products in the market. This experiment aimed to determine whether benzoic acid is formed from it’s superior soluble form sodium benzoate in stomach acid, which is simulated by HCl (pH=2). It has been seen that at a low optimum pH, i.e. in the presence of sufficient hydrochloric acid, sufficient benzoic acid is yielded. The percentage yield is determined from the calculations of the theoretical (stoichiometric) calculations and the actual yield from the reaction. Also throughout the experiment, some basic laboratory operations such as measuring mass and volume, separating solids from liquids by vacuum filtration and drying solids are familiarized with. Introduction The reaction of sodium benzoate and hydrochloric acid is a typical phenomenon of hydrolysis reaction which conforms to the principles of acid-base chemistry and stoichiometry. In a typical hydrolysis reaction, when a salt dissolves in water, the salt dissociates to its constituent anions and cations (benzoate and sodium ions respectively). Also, when strong acids like hydrochloric acid dissolves in water, chloride ions and hydronium ions are formed. Hence in the reaction involving sodium benzoate and hydrochloric acid solution, in the presence of high concentration of hydronium ions, protons will be transferred from the strong acid H3O+ to the basic benzoate ion. This will yield benzoic acid, C6H5COOH which precipitates from the solution as it has a really poor solubility (0.34g/100ml). The fundamental reaction is sketched out below: As can be seen from the difference in the pKa values, H3O+ is a much stronger acid than benzoic acid. So, the equilibrium of the reaction strongly favours its completion and hence hydrochloric acid which ideally simulates the acidic conditions of the stomach, does convert benzoate to benzoic acid. Safety: Throughout the lab safety goggles, protective gloves and aprons were worn while carrying out the experiments. While transferring the HCl to the reaction vial in the student hood, the head must never be inside the glass hood as vapour inhalation can cause choking hazard and irritations. Also the hosepipes were carefully plugged in and out of the filter flask to avoid breakage or tipping of the Hirsh funnel. Experimental For this experiment and basic operations, calibrated Pasteur pipettes, a 5ml conical reaction vial, watch glass, stirring rod, electronic balance, small test tube, Hirsh funnel, filter flask and filter paper are used. The procedure for this experiment appears on page 7 of the lab manual, Multiscale Organic Chemistry (4th custom UB edition)3. As the primary objective of this experiment was to find out whether sodium benzoate reacts with simulated stomach acid to form benzoic acid, the results clearly indicate that a successful reaction close to completion, if not fully complete, has taken place. The percentage yield calculation reveals that approximately 90% of benzoic acid as white precipitate were recovered from the reaction. There were a number of factors which might have contributed to the 10% deficiency in the final yield. It needs to be mentioned though that a percentage yield of less than 100% is achieved because the drying of the solid mass after vacuum filtration was sufficient to give a practical number. During measurements of mass of benzoate and benzoic acid when it’s formed, there were obvious human errors involved. Some benzoates were lost while transferring to the conical reaction vial from the watch glasses, and further loss of the product benzoic acid might have taken place when the solution mixture was tipped on the Hirsh funnel. We couldn’t determine if the reaction was complete or not, so we might not have had all the salt converted 4. The solution might not have sufficiently and gradually cooled though every effort was made for that, hence there could be lack of benzoic acid crystals forming. The litmus test might have contributed to a significant loss of the precipitate, but only one instead of multiple tests were performed to see if the reaction mixture was acidic enough. Given the carefully controlled experiments and the 90% yield, it can be deemed that the methods used to perform the experiments are full proof and performed as immaculately as possible. Conclusion The fact that a new substance is formed indeed when sodium benzoate is placed into a simulated stomach acid has been demonstrated successfully with the aid of the experiments and aforementioned results. A 90% yield suggests that all the basic operations were carried out as neatly and carefully as possible and measures taken to minimize obvious errors which could take place while performing the experiments. All in all, the experiment provided a practical evidence of the theory behind the hydrolysis of sodium benzoate and percentage yield of it’s product.

Deontological ethics Essay Example for Free

Deontological ethics Essay In life one must deal with moral and ethical dilemmas. â€Å"Ethics is defined as the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral obligation† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2013). It studies human moral behavior and how one should act. Ethics helps to explain how a person should feel about a particular situation. There are several groups of studies of ethics that defend and recommend concepts of right and wrong. The focus of this paper will be to describe three of the groups of within ethics, which are virtue theory, utilitarianism, and, deontological ethics. Afterward, it will show how virtue theory played a major part in a personal ethical dilemma. Virtue ethics is a classification within Normative Ethics that attempts to discover and classify what might be deemed of moral character, and to apply the moral character as a base for ones choices and actions† (Gowdy, 2009, Virtue Ethics, para. 1). The general perspective of virtue ethics is that one should choose their own personal excellence and contentment. If the person’s character is good, one should not be judged mainly by rules and customs. Virtue theory looks at someone’s habits of excellence for long term and forgives for minor mistakes. The Utilitarianism theory means â€Å"The greatest good for the greatest number† (Boylan, 2009, p. 153). â€Å"Utilitarianism is an ethical principle according to which an action is right if it tends to maximize happiness, not only the agent also of everyone affected† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2013). They focus on the acts of a person rather than ones motives. The moral action in this theory must be the greatest aggregate utility or the average utility. Bentham and Mills supported the theory of utilitarianism and created the pleasure principle. They believed that pleasure principle is a clearly identifiable end to what humans strive. â€Å"Deontological is a moral theory that emphasizes one’s duty to do a particular action just because the action, itself, is inherently right and not through any other sorts of calculations such as consequences to the action† (Boylan, 2009, p. 171). Deontology advocates the nature of principle. Moral principles are warranted through an understanding of the structure, reason and will. The foundation of commands in deontology involves laws and natural moral duties. Kant was a strong proponent of deontology and believed that people must act from duty. He argued that it is not the effects of actions that make them right or wrong but the motives of the person. My moral dilemma relates to the virtue theory because of my family’s strong religious values and beliefs. My family nurtured me in a strict Catholic household and with high family religious morals. I performed all the Catholic rituals starting from when I was very young, such as first communion and all the way to confirmation. We went to church every Sunday and my family and I still continue the same rituals. I encountered my moral dilemma when I became pregnant before I was married. My family was very disappointed when they discovered I was pregnant and wanted us to get married right away. In the Catholic religion it is considered a major sin to have a baby out of wedlock. My boyfriend and I believed we were not prepared to get married at the time. Marriage is a strong sacrament in our religion as well. We did not want to rush into getting married just because of my family’s religious values. We married in Catholic Church two years after our son was born. Even though I lived my life as a respectable Catholic, I could not conform strictly to their rules. I had to decide what was best for my absolute moral value and character. In conclusion it is good to question ethics because one must decide from right and wrong. We have learned through virtue, utilitarianism, and deontological theories that there are different ways to rationalize a dilemma. The responsibility of an individual is to decide how to deal with each ethical situation to the best of our own abilities. It is from actual life experiences and ethical values that make us who we are. References Boylan, M. (2009). Basic Ethics (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Ethics. (2013). In Merriam-Websters Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www. merriam- webster. com/dictionary/ethic Gowdy, L. N. (2009). Ethic Morals. Retrieved from http://www. ethicsmorals. com/ethicsvirtue. html Utilitarianism. (2013). In Merriam-Websters Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/utilitarianism.

Food Security Under Threat From Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay

Food Security Under Threat From Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay The changing of the worlds climate is real. Already, 2 billion people face the daily struggle to survive malnutrition. The causes are complex but there is no doubt that climate change has played a part and is likely to exacerbate the situation into the future. Climate change affects food security in multiple ways: a negative impact on crop yields, stability of food supplies, and the ability of people to access and utilize food in many parts of the developing world. (FAO) Although developed countries are responsible for most greenhouse gas emission (GHSs), the impact of climate change is expected to be disproportionate in its severity on developing countries and on the poor.. (Braun) The higher vulnerability of the poor is not only due to geography but also to limited adaptive capacities. Low-income communities depend directly on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, aquaculture, and climate-sensitive resources. (Braun). In addition the Swaminathans publication in 1988 argues that food su pplies in smaller nations will be affected to a greater extent by climate change than those of larger nations. It is recognised that the positive effects of climate change such as CO2 fertilization of plants could contribute to increasing food production and security (). However, rising temperatures and the increased frequency of extreme weather events act to offset greater productivity and will exacerbate food insecurity. The negative effects of climate change may lead to increased water stress, decreased biodiversity, damaged ecosystems, rising sea levels, and potentially to social conflict due to increased competition over limited natural resources. Small-holder agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture are among the systems most at risk (FAO 2008). This essay will provide background information on the impacts of the interrelationship between climate change and global food security, and ways to deal with this novel threat. It will also outline the opportunities that exist for the agriculture sector to adapt, and how the industry can contribute to mitigating the climate challenge. Impacts of Global warming on climate system and food system Global warming is the immediate consequence of increased greenhouse gas emissions with no offsetting increases in carbon storage on earth. These gases absorb energy radiated from the Earth to space and warm the atmosphere. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), increases in greenhouse gas emissions have been associated with an increase in the mean global temperature of 0.3Â °C-0.6Â °C since the late 19th century. By the end of the 21st century, greenhouse gas emissions could cause the mean global temperature to rise by another 1.4Â °C-5.8Â °C (IPCC, Darwin). The Parry et al.experimental findings on wheat and rice, indicate decreased crop duration of wheat as a consequence of warming, resulted in rice yield reductions. It has also shown links between human-induced global warming and changes in weather patterns that will cause additional stress for food systems, with consequent implications for food security. Impacts of climate change on Food Production and Supply Climate change, including global warming and other climate variables have a potentially huge impact on agricultural production. Some of these effects are biological,, some are ecological, and some are economic. Recent studies show that in tropical and sub-tropical regions, especially in seasonally dry areas, crop and animal productivity may decrease significantly due to temperature increases of 2 to 3Â °C ( ). In its Fourth assessment Report (AR4) of 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) state that,, focusing on Africa, by 2020, in some countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50%. Agricultural production, including access to food, in many African countries are projected to be severely compromised (Muller 2011). The study by Lobell et al. used crop models to calculate changes in agricultural production until 2030. (Lobell, Brown). They show that increasing temperature and both declining precipitation and grassland productivity over semiarid regions are likely to reduce yields of corn, wheat, rice, and other primary crops in the next two decades. Furthermore, cllimate change could cause high levels of desertification and soil salinization in some areas in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America( ); increasing water stress, particularly in irrigated production systems ( ); increased salinity from seal-level rise, leading to some areas in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, such as coastal plains, becoming flooded or unsuitable for agriculture ( ). All of these changes could have a substantial impact on global food security. In addition, food supply may be affected by an increase in frequnecy of extreme weather events, such as storms, floods, droughts as well as sea level rise, air pollution and climate variability associated with global warming (Easterling DR). The increase in intensity and frequency in extreme weather conditions will affect both developed and developing countries.However, developed countries are in a better position to cope with these adverse conditions, due to their greater resources. Many studies on crop production suggest that agriculture is the most vulnerable part of the climate change ( ). Changed weather patterns increase crop vulnerabilities to infection, pest infestations, and weeds(). These will not only decrease yields of crops, but also force farmers to apply harmful and expensive pesticides and herbicides, which will eventually increase the market price and mean an overall increase in the food price for the consumers. High prices may make certain foods unaffordable and can have an impact on individuals nutrition and health. Impacts of climate change on Global Food Security According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), food security is defined as a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (FAO 19960). It is the overall outcome of food system processes throughout the food chain. Climate change will affect food security through its impacts on multiple components of global, national, and local food systems. Ensuring food security is a critical aim for the agriculture sector in two ways. First,, it produces the food that people eat and supplies nutrition. Secondly, it provides the primary source of livelihood for 36% of the worlds total workforce (). In the countries of Asia and the Pacific, this share ranges from 40% to 50%, and in sub-Saharan Africa, two-thirds of the working population still make their living from agriculture (ILO,2007). If climate change negative impacts upon the agricultural production in low-income developing countries, eg. Asia and Africa, the livelihoods of large numbers of the rural poor will be put at risk and their vulnerability to food insecurity increased. The World Food Trade Model, designated as the Basic Linked system (BLS), links countries through trade, world market prices, and financial power. The BLS estimates that in 1980, there were about 500 million people at risk of hunger in the developing world. Without climate change, the number of people expected to be at risk of hunger in 2060 has been estimated approximately 640 million. However, with unmitigated climate change, declines in yields in low-latitude regions are projected to require that net imports of cereals increase. Higher grain prices will affect the number of people at risk of hunger. The number of hungry people in developing countries will increase by ~1% for every 2-2.5% increase in prices. This means that the number of people at risk of hunger grows by 10-60% in the scenarios tested, resulting an estimated increase of between 60-350 million people who will suffer from hunger (Parry). Mitigation and Adaptation One of the ways to prevent the effects of global warming is to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In 1997, most industrialized countries ratified an international agreement to reduce the amount of human-induced greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, called Kyoto Protocol. FAO defines Mitigating climate change means reducing greenhouse gas emission and sequestering or storing carbon in the short term and making development choices that will reduce risk by curbing emissions over the long term. Although the entire food system is a source of greenhouse gas emissions, primary production is by far the most important component (Lobell). Incentives are needed to persuade crop and livestock producers, agro-industries and ecosystem managers to adopt good practices for mitigating climate change. Lobell et al. defines adaptation as a key factor that will shape the future severity of climate change impacts on food production. He also suggests that communities can cope with climate change, for example, by switching from producing corn to producing sorghum, whose lower water requirements and higher temperature tolerances are better suited to a warmer and drier climate (Lobell, Darwin). Ensuring food security for all in the face of climate reductions will require adequate food production through improved seed and fertilizer, better land use policies and shifting planting date. These will prove costly but the biggest benefits will likely result from the development of new crop varieties and expansion of irrigation (Brown). These adaptations require substantial investments by farmers, governments, scientists, and development organizations, all of who faces many other demands on their resources. Successful climate change adaptation are likely to diminish the food insecurity that we are facing now. CONCLUSION Climate change poses an unprecedented challenge to the aim of eradicating hunger and poverty. In order to meet the growing demand for food security under increasingly difficult climatic conditions and in a situation of diminishing natural resources, the world must move towards embracing a two-fold approach: First, we must invest in and support the development of more efficient, sustainable and resilient food production systems. Second, we must improve access to adequate food for the most vulnerable and at-risk populations and communities as well as improve social protection systems and safety nets as part of the adaptation agenda. Protecting the most vulnerable also requires improving our ability to manage weather-related disaster risks and accelerate community development. Only if we succeed in making significant advances on all fronts -increasing food availability, enhancing access to food, and strengthening resilience and development will we reduce the risk of dramatic increases in the number of the malnourished and hungry in the poorest regions of the world.

Problems Facing The Economy in the Greenspan Era :: Economics

The Economy Q: What is wrong with the economy? -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A terrible loss of jobs, over 2 million jobs have been lost. However I would like to state it isn’t just one person’s fault. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The complete and utter desolation of the tech industry†¦ we all know about the dot com bust and how many problems that caused. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Also September 11th didn’t help too much. The terrorist’s defiantly achieved their objectives in really messing up our way of life. While the wealthy are becoming richer and the number of millionaires and billionaires is skyrocketing, there is another reality. Since 1973, 80% of all families have seen their incomes decline or remain stagnant. The average American today is working longer hours for less income-and has every reason to worry that the future will be even worse for his or her children. Television news shows may not feature it. Reader's Digest may not discuss it, and the leaders of the Democratic and Republican parties may not make it a priority, but the decline in the standard of living of the average worker is, far and away, the most important and central issue facing this country. The rich are getting richer; the poor are getting poorer; and the middle class is shrinking. This is the great truth of contemporary U.S. society. It may sound dramatic but I believe that the future of the nation depends upon reversing this destructive process. There are a number of reasons why inequality in wealth and income in America has grown over the last 20 years. President Jimmy Carter in 1977 and President Ronald Reagan in 1981 and 1986 instituted "tax reform" with the support and approval of the Democratic Congress. The results were to lower taxes significantly on the wealthy and the large corporations, and raise them for almost everyone else. Taxes on the very wealthy were cut 12.3%; working- and middle-class Americans saw theirs grow. One of the "reforms" was a large increase in the regressive Social Security tax. Q: What steps have been taken to improve the economy?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There have been multiple interest rate cuts by Greenspan and tax cuts brought on by President Bush, which I believe didn’t really do much. Q: What are the solutions? - Raise the minimum wage. The minimum wage, which has lost 26% of its purchasing power over the last 20 years, must be increased. People cannot survive on $5.15 an hour.

Feminism and Slavery Essay -- Literature Feminist Papers

Feminism and Slavery Harriet Jacobs escaped from slavery and at great personal risk wrote of her trials as a house servant in the South and later fugitive in the North. Her slave narrative entitled Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl gave a true account of the evils slavery held for women, a perspective that has been kept relatively secret from the public. In writing her story, Jacobs, though focused on the subjugation due to race, gave voice subtly to a different kind of captivity, that which men impose on women regardless of color in the patriarchal society of the ninetenth century. This form of bondage is not only exacted from women by their husbands, fathers, brothers, and sons, but also is accepted and perpetuated by women themselves, who forge the cage that holds them captive. Jacobs directed her stirring account of the afflictions a woman is subjected to in the chain of slavery to women of the North to gain sympathy for their sisters that were enslaved in the South. In showing this, Jacobs revea ls the danger of such self condemnation women maintain by accepting the idealized role that men have set as a goal for which to strive. Harriet Jacobs' slave epic is a powerful statement unveiling the impossibility and undesirability of achieving the ideal put forth by men and maintained by women. Her narrative is a strong feminist text. The idealized Woman that men and women alike propagated consists of four qualities. "The attributes of True Womanhood, by which a woman judged herself and was judged by her husband, her neighbors and society, could be divided into four cardinal virtues- piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity."[1] Of all of the women that Jacobs' autobiographical character Linda Brent meets, not one ... ... "Perilous Passages in Harriet Jacobs's Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl" in The Discourse of Slavery: Aphra Behn to Toni Morrison. Plasa, Carl and Ring, Betty J., eds. New York: Routledge, 1994. McKay, Nellie Y. "The Girls Who Became Women: Childhood Memories in the Autobiographies of Harriet Jacobs, Mary Church Terrell, and Anne Moody" in Tradition and the Talents of Women. Howe, Florence, ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991. Smith, Valerie. Self-Discovery and Authority in Afro-American Narrative. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987. Starling, Marion Wilson. The Slave Narrative: Its Place in American History. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1988. Welter, Barbara. "The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860" chap. in Dimity Convictions: The American Woman in the Nineteenth Century. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1976.

Marketing McDonalds to Hispanic Americans Essay -- McDonalds Hispani

Product and competitive environment McDonald’s Corporation (MDC) known for its famous golden arches is the number one largest chain of fast food restaurant in the world. With headquarters in the United States and restaurants in 120 countries serving around 86 million customers a day. About 80% of the restaurants are operated by a franchisees or affiliates. McDonald's revenues come from the expenses paid by the franchisees such as fees, royalties, rent, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. According to Hoovers, McDonald's Corporation in 2013 made and annual revenue of $28,105.7 compared to $27.5 billion made in 2012. Most of the restaurants are freestanding units offering dine-in and drive-through service, but McDonald's also has many restaurants located in airports, retail areas, and other high-traffic locations. The company has nine major markets – Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, the UK, and the US – that account for 75% of sales. Although McDonald is a lea ding brand, the top companies that give McDonald competition include: Doctor’s Associates Inc., YUM! Brands Inc., Starbucks Corporation, Darden Restaurant Inc., and Burger King Doctors’s Associates, Inc.: A company who owns and operates Subway. It has approximate 40,855 restaurants in 105 countries, in January, 1, 2014. The total annual revenue is of $32.1 million dollars. Yum! Brands, Inc. or Yum! Is the world’s largest fast food restaurant company- they have more than 40,000 restaurants globally and operates in 125 countries. YUM! Licenses Taco Bell, KFC, Pizza Hut and Wing Street. The total annual revenue is of $13,084 million dollars. Starbucks Corporation is the largest coffeehouse company in the world, with 20,891 stores i... ..." Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 13 May 2013. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. Llopis, Glenn. "5 Steps To Capturing The Hispanic Market." Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 03 Sept. 2013. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. "Hispanic Fast Facts." AHAA. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. Michael Goodman. "The Power of Hispanic Consumers." MercuryMedia. Research and Analytics, Apr. 2010. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. "Sales & Marketing Slides." Marketing Strategy of McDonalds. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014. "The Marketing Process A McDonald's Restaurants Case Study." Business Case Studies. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014. "Maps and Data about the Hispanic Population." Pew Research Centers Social Demographic Trends Project RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. "U.S. Hispanic Country of Origin Counts for Nation, Top 30 Metropolitan Areas." Pew Research Centers Hispanic Trends Project RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014.

Demarcation in Philosophy of Science Essay

The demarcation problem in the philosophy of science is about how to distinguish between science and nonscience, and more specifically, between science and pseudoscience (a theory or method doubtfully or mistakenly held to be scientific). The debate continues after over a century of dialogue among philosophers of science and scientists in various fields, and despite broad agreement on the basics of scientific method. The demarcation problem is the philosophical problem of determining what types of hypotheses should be considered scientific and what types should be considered pseudoscientific or non-scientific. It also concerns itself with the ongoing struggle between science and religion, in particular the question about which elements of religious doctrine can and should be subjected to scientific scrutiny. This is one of the central topics of the philosophy of science, and it has never been fully resolved. The Purpose of Demarcation Demarcations of science from pseudoscience can be made for both theoretical and practical reasons. From a theoretical point of view, the demarcation issue is an illuminating perspective that contributes to the philosophy of science. From a practical point of view, the distinction is important for decision guidance in both private and public life. Since science is our most reliable source of knowledge in a wide variety of areas, we need to distinguish scientific knowledge from its look-alikes. Due to the high status of science in present-day society, attempts to exaggerate the scientific status of various claims, teachings, and products are common enough to make the demarcation issue pressing in many areas. The demarcation issue is therefore important in many practical applications such as the following: Healthcare: Medical science develops and evaluates treatments according to evidence of their efficiency. Pseudoscientific activities in this area give rise to inefficient and sometimes dangerous interventions. Healthcare providers, insurers, government authorities and – most importantly – patients need guidance on how to distinguish between medical science and medical pseudoscience. Expert testimony: It is essential for the rule of law that courts get the facts right. The reliability of different types of evidence must be correctly determined, and expert testimony must be based on the best available knowledge. Sometimes it is in the interest of litigants to present non-scientific claims as solid science. Therefore courts must be able to distinguish between science and pseudoscience. Environmental policies: In order to be on the safe side against potential disasters it may be legitimate to take preventive measures when there is valid but yet insufficient evidence of an environmental hazard. This must be distinguished from taking measures against an alleged hazard for which there is no valid evidence at all. Therefore, decision-makers in environmental policy must be able to distinguish between scientific and pseudoscientific claims. Science education: The promoters of some pseudosciences (notably creationism) try to introduce their teachings on school curricula. Teachers and school authorities need to have clear criteria of inclusion that protect students against unreliable and disproved teachings Ancient Greek Science An early attempt at demarcation can be seen in the efforts of Greek natural philosophers and medical practitioners to distinguish their methods and their accounts of nature from the mythological or mystical accounts of their predecessors and contemporaries. Medical writers in the Hippocratic tradition maintained that their discussions were based on necessary demonstrations, a theme developed by Aristotle in his â€Å"Posterior Analytics†. One element of this polemic (passionate argument) for science was an insistence on a clear and definite presentation of arguments, rejecting the imagery, analogy, and myth of the old wisdom. Aristotle described at length what was involved in having scientific knowledge of something. To be scientific, he said, one must deal with causes, one must use logical demonstration, and one must identify the universals which ‘inhere’ in the particulars of sense. Criteria for Demarcation: Logical Positivism also known as Verificationism * Held that only statements about empirical observations and formal logical propositions are meaningful, and that statements which are not derived in this manner (including religious and metaphysical statements) are by nature meaningless. * The Viennese philosophers who introduced the positivist paradigm effectively laid the groundwork for the modern philosophy of science and one of its most important strands of thought. The early Positivists favored a rather strict approach to the demarcation and strongly affirmed the empirical nature of science, meaning that questions that cannot be empirically verified or falsified are irrelevant to scientific thought. * These philosophers, who called themselves logical positivists, argued that to produce a meaningful claim, one must always return to the tangible observations that result from that claim. * By the late 1970s, its ideas were so generally recognized to be seriously defective. Falsifiability * Proposed by Karl Popper. In his monumental book, â€Å"The Logic of Scientific Discovery† he proposed the idea that scientific hypotheses must be falsifiable; unfalsifiable hypotheses should be considered pseudoscience. Popper’s emphasis on falsifiability changed the way scientists viewed the demarcation problem, and his impact on philosophy of science was enormous. * Popper’s demarcation criterion has been criticized both for excluding legitimate science and for giving some pseudosciences the status of being scientific. Postpositivism * Thomas Kuhn, an American historian and philosopher of science, is often connected with what has been called postpositivism. * In 1962, Kuhn published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, which depicted the development of the basic natural sciences in an innovative way. According to Kuhn, the sciences do not uniformly progress strictly by scientific method. Rather, there are two fundamentally different phases of scientific development in the sciences. In the first phase, scientists work within a paradigm (set of accepted beliefs). When the foundation of the paradigm weakens and new theories and scientific methods begin to replace it, the next phase of scientific discovery takes place. Kuhn believes that scientific progress—that is, progress from one paradigm to another—has no logical reasoning. He undermines science as a whole by arguing that what is considered science changes throughout history in such a way that there is no objective way (outside of time or place) to demarcate a scientific belief from a pseudoscientific belief. Science, Kuhn argues, is like politics: institutions believe that certain ways are better than others at different points throughout history; however, it is impossible to be more or less certain of our basic assumptions about the world. Within a democracy (a specific political paradigm) there can be progress: an economy can grow, schools can be built, and people can be given healthcare. However, if a revolution occurs and the country becomes socialist, the government is not inherently better or worse than before, but simply begins to follow a different set of assumptions. Paradigm shift * A paradigm shift is a phenomenon described by philosopher Thomas Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. * Kuhn posited a process to explain the persistence of incorrect ideas, and the seemingly rapid and sudden abandonment of these ideas when they finally are rejected. * People tend to believe in what they know, and science is basically conservative. A current â€Å"paradigm† or theory is difficult to dislodge. It takes either a large volume of evidence, or a particularly powerful single piece of evidence to overturn major scientific theories (scientific revolution). When this occurs, it is called a â€Å"paradigm shift†. Lakatos’ research programs * Imre Lakatos combined elements of Popper and Kuhn’s philosophies with his concept of research programs. Programs that succeed at predicting novel facts are scientific, while ones that fail ultimately lapse into pseudoscience. Feyerabend and Lakatos * Kuhn’s work largely called into question Popper’s demarcation, and emphasized the human, subjective quality of scientific change. Paul Feyerabend was concerned that the very question of demarcation was insidious: science itself had no need of a demarcation criterion, but instead some philosophers were seeking to justify a special position of authority from which science could dominate public discourse. Feyerabend argued that science does not in fact occupy a special place in terms of either its logic or method, and no claim to special authority made by scientists can be upheld. He argued that, within the history of scientific practice, no rule or method can be found that has not been violated or circumvented at some point in order to advance scientific knowledge. Both Lakatos and Feyerabend suggest that science is not an autonomous form of reasoning, but is inseparable from the larger body of human thought and inquiry. NOMA * The concept of Non-overlapping Magisteria is a relatively recent attempt at proposing a clear demarcation between science and religion. It explicitly restricts science to its naturalistic foundations, meaning that no conclusions about supernatural phenomena like gods may be drawn from within the confines of science. â€Å"As to the supposed ‘conflict’†¦between science and religion, no such conflict should exist because each subject has a legitimate magisterium, or domain of teaching authority—and these magisteria do not overlap.† Criteria based on scientific progress Popper’s demarcation criterion concerns the logical structure of theories. Imre Lakatos described this criterion as â€Å"a rather stunning one. A theory may be scientific even if there is not a shred of evidence in its favour, and it may be pseudoscientific even if all the available evidence is in its favour. That is, the scientific or non-scientific character of a theory can be determined independently of the facts†. Instead, Lakatos proposed a modification of Popper’s criterion that he called â€Å"sophisticated (methodological) falsificationism†. On this view, the demarcation criterion should not be applied to an isolated hypothesis or theory but rather to a whole research program that is characterized by a series of theories successively replacing each other. In his view, a research program is progressive if the new theories make surprising predictions that are confirmed. In contrast, a degenerating research programme is characterized by theories bein g fabricated only in order to accommodate known facts. Progress in science is only possible if a research program satisfies the minimum requirement that each new theory that is developed in the program has a larger empirical content than its predecessor. If a research program does not satisfy this requirement, then it is pseudoscientific. According to Paul Thagard, a theory or discipline is pseudoscientific if it satisfies two criteria. One of these is that the theory fails to progress, and the other that â€Å"the community of practitioners makes little attempt to develop the theory towards solutions of the problems, shows no concern for attempts to evaluate the theory in relation to others, and is selective in considering confirmations and disconfirmations†. A major difference between his approach and that of Lakatos is that Lakatos would classify a nonprogressive discipline as pseudoscientific even if its practitioners work hard to improve it and turn it into a progressive discipline. In a somewhat similar vein, Daniel Rothbart (1990) emphasized the distinction between the standards that should be used when testing a theory and those that should be used when determining whether a theory should at all be tested. The latter, the eligibility criteria, include that the theory should encapsulate the explanatory success of its rival, and that it should yield test implications that are inconsistent with those of the rival. According to Rothbart, a theory is unscientific if it is not testworthy in this sense. George Reisch proposed that demarcation could be based on the requirement that a scientific discipline be adequately integrated into the other sciences. The various scientific disciplines have strong interconnections that are based on methodology, theory, similarity of models etc. Creationism, for instance, is not scientific because its basic principles and beliefs are incompatible with those that connect and unify the sciences. More generally speaking, says Reisch, an epistemic field is pseudoscientific if it cannot be incorporated into the existing network of established sciences. Rejection of the Problem * Some philosophers have rejected the idea of the demarcation problem, such as Larry Laudan. Others like Susan Haack, while not rejecting the problem wholesale, argue that a misleading emphasis has been placed on the problem that results in getting stuck in arguments over definitions rather than evidence. Laudan * Larry Laudan concluded, after examining various historical attempts to establish a demarcation criterion, that â€Å"philosophy has failed to deliver the goods† in its attempts to distinguish science from non-science—to distinguish science from pseudoscience. None of the past attempts would be accepted by a majority of philosophers nor, in his view, should they be accepted by them or by anyone else. He stated that many well-founded beliefs are not scientific and, conversely, many scientific conjectures are not well-founded. 3 Major Reasons why Demarcation is sometimes difficult: * science changes over time, * science is heterogeneous and; * established science itself is not free of the defects characteristic of pseudoscience

Ptlls 008 Roles, Responsibilities Essay

Important to define the terms prior to listing the entities which may impact on my work: Legislative requirement: A duty to act according to the law as defined in an Act of Parliament and usually enforceable through the courts. Code of Practice: A set of rules outlining how a person in a particular profession or situation is expected to behave. Statutory Code of Practice: A Code of Practice approved by Parliament and admissible as evidence in any legal action. The Children Act (2004) – Every Child Matters underpinned the Change For Children agenda. The Act came into being following the death of Victoria Climbie. The Act is applicable to children and vulnerable adults up to the age of 25. Focused on five specific outcomes for children: Be healthy Stay Safe Enjoy and Achieve Make a positive contribution Achieve economic well-being Protection of Children Act (1991) – gave local authorities to investigates cases of child abuse. Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (2006) – introduced a vetting and barring service for those working with children and vulnerable adults. Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) checks (previously CRB checks). Code of Professional Practice (2008) – introduced by the Lifelong Learning Sector. The code is based on 7 behaviours expected of teachers. Copyright Designs and Patents Act (1988) – relates to copying and adapting materials. The Data Protection (1998) – relates to information held on people by others. Education and Skills Act (2008) – aimed at increasing participation in learning. The Equality Act (2010) – brought all the areas of discrimination: race, sex, disability, race into one Act. The 2010 Act identifies 9 areas of discrimination. Freedom Of Information Act (2000) – individuals can ask to see the information held on them Health and Safety At Work (1974) – imposes obligations on all to operate within a safe and healthy environment Human Rights Act (1998) – basic rights for all The Further Education Teacher’s Qualifications (England) Regulations (2007) – professional status for teachers in FE and a qualification route GRAVELLS, A. (2012) Preparing To Teach In The Lifelong Learning Sector 1. 2 Analyse own responsibilities for promoting equality and valuing diversity The definition of equality is to treat everybody equally, especially in terms of status, rights and opportunities. The 2010 Equality Act brought together a number of different pieces of legislation which means it is unlawful to discriminate against people on the grounds of pay, sex, race and disability. Diversity means being aware that every person is unique, not only because of their visible differences such as race, age or disability, but also non visible differences, religion, social background, economic status or political beliefs. Inclusion is about being objective and looking beyond first impressions. It’s about diversity and breaking down barriers, changing lives and promoting equality. Within my role it’s important for me to base my practice around the concepts of equality, diversity and inclusion and keep an open mind. Without an open mind I may not support all people equally to recognise their potential and achieve their aspirations. Discrimination could then be argued to have occurred as students would not have been treated equally. Particular to my role as a potential facilitator would be the areas of Differentiation Preconceived stereotypes Encouraging a wide variety of views Use of culturally diverse images and resources Learning support where appropriate 1. 3 Evaluate own role and responsibilities in lifelong learning Reflective Journal Annex A It is important to consider this question in relation to internal and external influences. My role as a facilitator is connected to the Learning Cycle. The cycle consists of five reoccurring elements. It is appropriate for me to answer this question offering examples for each element. Identify needs. Role – arranging assessments to identify student need particularly in the key skill areas: numeracy, literacy and ICT Responsibility – offering information, advice and guidance on the contents of the course Plan learning Role – planning schemes of work and when it will be taught Responsibility – designing a scheme of work, lesson plans and resources Deliver/Facilitate learning Role – establish ground rules Responsibility – deal with inappropriate behaviour as it arises Assessing Learning Role – assess progress whether it be for internal purposes or national examination bodies Responsibility – offering feedback to students Evaluation Role – improve the teaching and learning process Responsibility – evaluate session taught perhaps through student reflective journals 1. 4 Review own role and responsibilities in identifying and meeting the needs of learner Reflective Journal Annex B To meet the needs of the learner, firstly I would conduct an initial assessment, particularly in the areas of key skills: literacy, numeracy and ICT. This would enable both myself and the learner to identify and agree areas where additional support was required to enhance learning Secondly I would negotiate Individual Learning Plans (ILPs) to enable both the learner and myself to set targets and monitor outcomes. Thirdly I would initiate regular tutorials where individuals could receive dedicated individual attention where achievement could be celebrated and support and help offered. Lastly, I would constantly be mindful of barriers to learning whether this be learning or personal ones. In such cases where there were issues depending on the nature of these issues I would either deal with them myself or signpost the student to an appropriate professional 2. Understand the relationships between teachers and other professionals in lifelong learning 2. 1 Analyse the boundaries between the teaching role and other professional roles There are three areas on which I intend to focus. First the teachers time is limited it therefore may be appropriate to refer a student to another professional, for example if the students wishes to discuss their career ideas, although I would feel comfortable doing this I may not have the time. I would therefore signpost them to a career expert. Secondly the teacher may not have a particular expertise and teachers should be respectful of the abilities of other professionals. For example if my computer projector broke down I would ask a technician to repair it. They would have both the expertise and health and safety knowledge to complete the task. Thirdly within the busy life of a classroom it is not always possible to meet the specific needs of the learner whether this is in respect of key skills, language barriers or personal problems. In any of the incidents it would be appropriate for me to refer them to another professional. The key is always to support the learning of the learner.

The Chronic Condition of Hispanic High School

IntroductionThe release of the 2010 U.S. Census consequences last month revealed a altering face for the state. Driven by the 43 % growing of both Hispanics and Asians over the past decennary, cultural minorities will go the new population bulk in the following 30-40 old ages ( U.S. Census Bureau, 2011 ) . Unfortunately, what has non changed is the dismaying high school dropout rate for Hispanics. Since the 1970s, the Latino dropout rate has been systematically among the worst of all population groups, top outing every bit high as 35 % , to a recent depression of 18.3 % in 2008 ( National Center for Education Statistics [ NCES ] , 2010 ) . This rate is more than twice that of African Americans and about three-times higher than Whites and Asians. Although other cultural minority groups have made important advancement over the past three decennaries, Hispanics continue to stay at the really underside of the instruction ladder. The literature cites many grounds for the inordinate Latino dropout rates ( a ) hapless English accomplishments making linguistic communication barriers with instructors and school functionaries ; ( B ) economic factors ; many Latino households live in poorness and need pupils ‘ income ; ( degree Celsius ) fewer function theoretical accounts ensuing in minimum mentoring chances ; ( vitamin D ) challenges linking with instructors ( linguistic communication, civilization, etc. ) which makes pupils experience unwanted and causes them to lose involvement ; ( vitamin E ) big per centum of Spanish americans are migratory workers and hence, a more transeunt population ; and ( degree Fahrenheit ) parents deficiency of engagement in their kids ‘s educational development. Although the articles reviewed in this survey determined that many factors contributed to these hapless consequences, they do n't concentrate on a individual, major cause for the inordinate dropout rates. Alternatively they conclude that all of these elements, or some combination of them, impact Latino pupils ‘ desire to go forth school early. The literature does propose nevertheless that a important, if non the most of import, ground for dropping out is the concluding factor listed above, the absence of Latino parents ‘ engagement in the pupils ‘ larning procedure. Unfortunately, there is non adequate research on why Latino parents are non every bit involved as other groups, so farther analysis is needed. Since this seems to be a less reviewed country, I have decided to look deeper into the issue and research possible grounds why Latino parents do non take part in their kids ‘s schooling. This is an of import subject because household is cardinal to the Latin o civilization. Children are near to their households and to the communities they live in, so more parent engagement can be a important measure in assisting with the keeping of these pupils. Additionally, I believe utilizing the model from Hofstede ‘s Model of Cultural Dimensions for measuring civilizations may assist explicate grounds why Spanish americans are non more involved in their kids ‘s educational activities. More specifically, it appears that the power distance value dimension of national civilization could be a factor that prevents Hispanics from concentrating on instruction to better their place in society. Power distance describes the extent to which less powerful members of a society ( like the household ) accept and expect that power in establishments and organisations is distributed unevenly. This behavior suggests that a civilization ‘s function of inequality is endorsed by both the followings and the leaders. A high evaluation on power distance means that big inequalities of power and wealth exist and are tolerated in the civilization, as in a category or caste system that discourages upward mobility. A bulk of the Hispanics who immig rate to the U.S. to seek work are from Mexico which has a really high evaluation in the power distance cultural dimension. In fact, Mexico is ranked in the top five of high power distance states in the universe ( Robbins & A ; Judge, 2010 ) .Significance of StudyThis issue is important because U.S. demographics are altering dramatically in this state. Hispanics represent one of the fastest turning sections of the population. Harmonizing to the 2010 Census Brief, the Hispanic population was about 50.5 million, which was about 16 % of the overall U.S. population of 308 million ( U.S. Census Bureau, 2011 ) .The figure of Hispanics has grown about 43 % since 2000, and accounted for about 55 % of the entire state ‘s growing during that same ten-year period. This is more than five times the growing rate of the entire population of 9.7 % . If the current tendency continues, the population of the United States will lift to about 438 million in 2050, with Hispanics trebling in size and accounting for most of the state ‘s population growing. At that clip, the Latino population is estimated to be around 127 million or approximately 29 % of the entire U.S. population ( U.S. Census Bureau, 2009 ) . With schools shortly to be overburdened with this enormous growing of Latino pupils, the United States has no pick but to turn to the high school dropout crisis for two major grounds. First of wholly, the economic cost both existent and possible is reeling. Over their life-times, high school dropouts earn about $ 400,000 less, have higher unemployment rates, and poorer wellness than alumnuss. The dropouts from the Class of 2008 alone will be the state more than $ 319 billion in lost rewards and over $ 17 billion in Medicaid and expenditures for uninsured wellness attention over the class of their life-times ( AEE, February 2009 ) . The 2nd ground is the dropout crisis could impact the state ‘s position as a universe world power. With Hispanics and other cultural minority groups going the bulk of the U.S. population in the following two decennaries, the possible exists for an undereducated work force which may non be able to vie in a planetary economic system, particularly with the increased focal point on engineering. The intent of this exploratory survey is to place possible grounds for Latino parents ‘ deficiency of engagement in their kids ‘s acquisition procedure which contributes to excessive high school dropout rates and to besides find if it can be explained by Hofstede ‘s Model of Cultural Dimensions.Reappraisal of the LiteratureThere is no inquiry that pupils play the primary function when doing the determination to drop out of high school, but for the intents of this survey, the chief focal point was on outside influences to the job. Although the major purpose of this paper is to look at grounds for parents ‘ deficiency of engagement in their kids ‘s instruction, the literature exposed different subjects which were grouped into three dropout factors: ( a ) environmental, ( B ) school system, and ( degree Celsius ) parental engagement. These classs will be looked at shortly, but first it is necessary to find if the d ropout rate is every bit high as advertised. Many statistics segregate U.S. born dropouts from foreign born, state of beginning or generational degree. Fry ( â€Å" High School Dropout Ratess, † 2003 ) states that calculating dropout rates for Hispanics is a convoluted procedure because every bit many as 33 % are foreign born, and their states of beginning have much lower rates of secondary school completion than the U.S. As a consequence, many are non academically prepared to come in U.S. high schools, so they struggle and finally drop out, or in some instances ne'er enroll. Furthermore, Fry points out that many of these immigrants have really limited spoken English abilities and most do non derive English eloquence until age 16. By that clip, they are so far behind they face hopeless odds of catching up and either voluntarily bead out, or stop up meeting age restrictions that force them out. In a follow-up survey by Fry ( â€Å" Hispanic Youth Droping out of U.S. Schools, † 2003 ) , he concluded that the sum Hispanic high school dropout rate of 21 % published in 2000, was overstated. This resulted from the chunking together of three subgroups of Latino young persons ( a ) the native Born, ( B ) foreign-born who attend U.S. schools, and ( degree Celsius ) foreign-born who emigrate chiefly for employment and do non inscribe in U.S. schools. When the first two classs are examined individually, the rate becomes 15 % . Although this is well smaller, it is still twice every bit high as the dropout rate for comparable non-Hispanic Whites. Almost all growing in the figure of U.S. teens over the following 20 old ages will be Latino, so it is imperative that this negative tendency is reversed. Despite how the dropout per centums are sliced and diced, the bottom line is if Latino young persons are populating in the United States, irrespective of class, they all need to be co unted towards the overall dropout rate so that the job can be addressed as a whole. The following measure is to look at the subjects that developed in the literature.Environmental Issues that Contribute to the Dropout RateReyes ‘ ( 1993 ) survey followed up on low and high hazard Hispanic high school pupils a twelvemonth after their expected graduation rate. She found that low-risk pupils completed school at a much higher rate than high hazard pupils. She so looked at one of the major grounds that lead to school failure for immature Hispanics ; specifically, their exposure to legion nerve-racking life events which places them at high hazard for dropping out. For illustration, their vicinities may see higher than mean offense rates, unemployment, drugs, packs, adolescent gestations, public assistance dependence, etc. As a consequence, these pupils sometimes have a more hard clip seting to a school environment. This could take to inordinate absenteeism, hooky, and an eventual tr ansportation to dark school or a Graduate Equivalency Diploma plan. The nerve-racking life events besides influence household determinations to relocate which contributes further to the instability of pupil ‘s academic public presentation. Whether traveling out of province or back to their state of beginning, parents relocate kids who are sing behavioural jobs at place or school and take them out of the nerve-racking environment, particularly if the kids get involved with packs or drugs. Unfortunately, it appears that parents ‘ engagement with their kids ‘s instruction, irrespective of environment, could hold been a finding factor as to whether that kid graduated or non. Perreira and Harris ( 2006 ) considered assimilation theories as a possible subscriber to high school dropout rates. The Straight-Line hypothesis predicts cultural differences will decrease over clip as immigrants are acculturated into society. Therefore, the first coevals will hold the highest dropout rates, the 2nd coevals will hold the following highest, and each subsequent coevals will hold less than the old. The Accommodation or Selective Assimilation hypothesis predicts the exact opposite educational flight as the straight-line attack. Harmonizing to this theory, as immigrant young person assimilate with their U.S. Born equals, they lose the protective qualities of cultural cultural norms instilled in them by their parents. As a consequence, this theory predicts that first-generation young person will hold the highest degrees of academic accomplishment and lower dropout rates, whereas second-or higher coevals young person will hold the lowest degrees of academic accomplishment and the highest dropout rates. Consequences of this survey revealed that first-generation Latino immigrants graduated from high school at higher rates than their parents, but these initial additions in educational attainment relation to their parents decreased in the 2nd coevals. By the 3rd and higher coevals, Latino young persons had higher dropout rates than their parents. This determination does non match with straight-line assimilation theory, but alternatively provides strong support for the selective and metameric assimilation hypothesis. Sterns and Glennie ( 2006 ) studied a group of 9th and 10th class dropouts in North Carolina and discovered that Latino pupils have the highest early dropout rate among all cultural groups. The deductions can hold negative effects for persons throughout their lives. On norm, high school dropouts are less likely to be employed than other grownups, have poorer mental and physical wellness, a greater likeliness of perpetrating condemnable Acts of the Apostless, and a higher likeliness of going dependant on public assistance and other authorities plans than people with higher educational attainment. Much of the Hispanics ‘ high dropout rate can be traced to disadvantages in socioeconomic position, household construction, and negative academic experiences. The writers determined the undermentioned grounds for dropping out: ( a ) academic jobs, ( B ) subject, ( degree Celsius ) employment, ( vitamin D ) household issues, ( vitamin E ) transitory life style, and ( degree Fahrenheit ) terra incognita. The job with this survey is â€Å" unknown † ground histories for 58 % of the overall sample. Until these grounds are known, bar plans can non be established to run into pupil demands.School System Related Issues that Contribute to the Dropout RateHarmonizing to Martinez and DeGarmo ( 2004 ) , many school systems around the state are non prepared to turn to the demands of an progressively culturally pluralistic pupil population. As a consequence, Latinos are overrepresented in samples of households at hazard for hapless behavioural and mental wellness jobs, and their dropout rates are three times greater than white non-Latino pupils. Research associating socialization with school success for Latino childs has shown that factors such as recent in-migration and limited English proficiency increase the hazard of dropping out for Hispanic pupils. Latin american parents besides reported more barriers to engagement in their kids ‘s school than non-Latino pare nts. Additionally, Latino parents besides had more trouble assisting with prep and Latino childs reported less handiness of societal support than non-Latino childs. A important determination revealed that academic encouragement by parents and school staff members served as a cardinal protective factor in advancing school success for Latino young persons. In shutting, the writer suggested that instructors and decision makers need to be better equipped to cover with progressively diverse schoolrooms. For illustration, they need to increase their expertness in diverseness, derive entree to culturally inclusive course of study stuffs, and be willing to accommodate standard stuffs when such multicultural course of study is unavailable. More significantly, they need to develop intercession schemes to affect parents and heighten their abilities to advance success for their kids. A survey by Christle, Jolivette, and Nelson ( 2007 ) examined dropout rates in Kentucky high schools utilizing both quantitative and qualitative processs. The findings reflected that attending rates were negatively correlated with dropout rates in this survey. This determination supports the observation that pupils who feel a sense of belonging and connexion with the school are less likely to drop out. Additionally, the cultural background of the pupil organic structure was related to dropout rate in this survey ; the higher the dropout rates, the lower the per centum of white pupils. Furthermore, 46 % of Black and 39 % of Latino pupils attended schools where graduation is non the norm. Teachers are besides an of import beginning of societal capital for pupils. Teachers in low dropout schools showed involvement in the pupils, had sufficient support from decision makers, and made positive relationships a high precedence in the schoolroom. Finally, dropping out of high school is non an unprompted action, but instead a cumulative procedure. Unsuccessful school experiences, such as academic failure, class keeping, absenteeism, behaviour and subject jobs, and transportations from one school to another physique on one another to finally estrange the pupil from school. By placing differences between high schools with high dropout rates and low dropout rates, schools can implement policies and processs to prosecute pupils and ease their success. Rodriguez ( 2008 ) discovered that the Hispanic dropout rate in some big urban countries reached every bit high as 50 % . Looking for a solution, the Governor of Puerto Rico expressed involvement in utilizing a popular hip-hop instrumentalist to turn to the issue of school abandonment. However, he was extremely criticized because of the wordss of the music and the fact that the instrumentalist was a high school dropout himself. However, the of import point of the survey was that the Governor recognized the power and connexion between popular civilization and immature people. Unfortunately, the Numberss of Latino high school alumnuss are non maintaining up with the altering demographics. Therefore, it is clip for originative thoughts such as this one to happen solutions. But what precisely is doing this persistent job? A survey by Valenzuela ( as cited in Rodriguez, 2008 ) , shows there is a correlativity between certain hazard factors and graduation. For illustration, Latinos whose p arents do non complete high school and go to barrio-schools in southern California have a 50 % opportunity of gaining a high school sheepskin. Additionally, more and more school related incidents are being referred to the condemnable justness system and school-level disciplinary processs such as belated policies are lending to the dropout sums. Unfortunately, schools ‘ belated policies lock out pupils who truly necessitate to be in school and sends a message to them that the school does n't desire them at that place. The writer believes utilizing advanced techniques such as hip-hop music to heighten acquisition could maintain marginalized pupils in school. Since traditional methods are non working, it is now clip to look for non-traditional attacks.Parental Involvement Issues that Contribute to the Dropout RateRumberger and Lim ( 2008 ) identified two factors that have a strong bearing on whether pupils graduate from high school ( a ) single features of pupils, and ( B ) insti tutional features of their households, schools, and communities. Within the former class, the writers found that pupil battle both academically and socially and educational outlooks are the most of import determiners for remaining in school. Conversely, high absenteeism and working more than 20 hours per hebdomad correlated to higher dropout rates. The latter class of institutional factors such as household and schools can besides be strong forecasters of graduating or dropping out. Populating with both parents and more household resources resulted in lower dropout rates. More significantly, rearing patterns such as holding high aspirations for their kids, supervising school advancement, and pass oning with the school are strong subscribers to higher graduation rates. This is the type of parental engagement needed to change by reversal the negative tendency of Hispanic dropouts. Stern ( 2004 ) discusses the consequences of the 2002 White House Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanics appointed by President Bush to assist cut down the high school dropout rate. The committee ‘s study stated that Latino parents were non adequately involved with their kids ‘s instruction. Ironically nevertheless, the support was cut to plans that help Latino parents larn how to acquire connected to the acquisition procedure. The National Council of La Raza ( NCLR ) is disbelieving about the study which they felt offered no substantial recommendations. They besides dispute the averment that Latino parents do non take portion in their child ‘s instruction. However, what NCLR failed to see was the fact that parents may acquire involved, but this does non intend it is effectual battle. You can do a kid make his or her prep, but without the proper aid, that prep may non be right. One of the disposal ‘s enterprises was the â€Å" Yes I Can † ru n. Its web site promoted literacy consciousness for parents. Unfortunately, there were likely merely a little per centum of Latino parents who had entree to computing machines or had some degree of proficiency in utilizing them. Two other points were made in the article to assist better the low dropout rates ( a ) rise teacher outlooks of Hispanics, and ( B ) better instructor preparation. Although raising teacher outlooks and preparation may assist, they are non the job. Teachers can merely make so much in the schoolroom but it is up to the parents to take over one time the childs get place. Without effectual engagement by at least one parent, Latino pupils will go on to fight, lose involvement, and non recognize the importance of instruction until possibly it is excessively late. Nesman ( 2007 ) identified the undermentioned factors as subscribers to student dropout rates: ( a ) pupil attitudes and behaviours, ( B ) household features, ( degree Celsius ) societal environments, ( vitamin D ) school constructions and policies, and ( vitamin E ) employment/career chances. Findingss in this survey revealed that negative interactions with school functionaries and deficiency of support for advancement in school as cardinal to dropping out. Negative interactions includes limited sum of clip or attempt in working with Latino pupils compared to other pupils, looks of low outlooks, and prejudiced subject. Lack of caring among parents, described as limited support and communicating about school, was besides named as a major subscriber to pupils ‘ determinations to drop out. However, pupils were speedy to support households supplying grounds such as long working hours and household state of affairss such as divorce or separation due to migration. The survey besides suggested that a household ‘s deficiency of experience with instruction reduces the sum of support they can supply for kids. On the other manus, the actions of lovingness and supportive grownups were mentioned as intercessions that encouraged pupils to go on seting attempt into school. The writer besides pointed out features of plans that are successful with Latino populations. These include regard for cultural backgrounds, high-quality course of study and staff, tutoring and mentoring with successful and caring function theoretical accounts, household and community engagement, and native linguistic communication support along with English linguistic communication development. Harmonizing to a Pew Research Center study, the biggest ground for the spread between the value Hispanics topographic point on instruction and their aspirations to complete school appears to come from fiscal force per unit area to back up a household ( Lopez, 2009 ) . About 74 % of all 16- to 25-year-old study respondents who cut their instruction abruptly during high school say they did so because they had to back up their households. Other grounds include hapless English accomplishments, a disfavor of school, and a feeling that they do n't necessitate more instruction for the callings they want. When asked why Latinos on norm do non make every bit good as other pupils in school, more respondents in the study incrimination hapless parenting and hapless English accomplishments than blasted hapless instructors. More than 61 % say a major ground is that parents of Latino pupils do non play an active function in assisting their kids win and about 58 % property it to limited English acco mplishments of Latino pupils. These parents do non deliberately disregard their kids, but because most of them ne'er graduated themselves, they do n't cognize how to assist their kids win. This is an country where parent engagement can do a difference. By promoting kids to remain in school alternatively of dropping out to work, Latino households can put in their hereafters instead than settle for short-run pay-offs. Unfortunately, it is a hard pick to do for households populating at or below the poorness degree. A Pew Hispanic Center study, â€Å" Latino Teens Staying in High School: A Challenge for All Generations † ( 2004 ) , stated the national Latino high school dropout rate of 21 % is more than twice the national norm at 10 % . A important ground attributed to the high dropout rate was less than favourable household fortunes and the communities in which they reside. Almost 10 % of Latino teens are non populating with a parent, more than twice the rate for white teens. Parents can frequently be an of import beginning of motive and information that promote high school completion. Merely 51 % of Latino kids have female parents who themselves have finished high school, in comparing to 93 % of white kids. Without a stable place environment and parents who can put a positive illustration or aid with school assignment, these marginalized pupils will go on to stay at a disadvantage compared to their equals. Chrispeels and Rivero ( 2001 ) did an exploratory survey on the consequence of immigrant parents ‘ sense of topographic point in their kids ‘s instruction after they attended a series of parental categories. These parents were given the chance to larn about the American educational system by go toing classs offered by the Parent Institute for Quality Education ( PIQE ) . The first determination from the survey was that parents indicated they had trouble assisting their kids with prep, particularly when the prep was in English. Delgado-Gaitan ( as cited in Chrispeels & A ; Rivero, 2001 ) found in her survey of Latino households that â€Å" parents were intimidated by the linguistic communication barrier posed by an all-English prep course of study. This bullying is a distancing factor in the parent-child relationships, which is important to a supportive system for kids. † Even if parents had the desire to assist, it was non possible because they could non read or un derstand the assignment. Another ground given by parents for non assisting with prep was that many worked, had several other kids, and small clip to help with prep. These working parents were anticipating the after-school plans to help the kids with completion of their prep so that when they got place they did non hold to worry about it. The PIQE classs enabled parents to derive consciousness of the benefits of prep and how they could supervise what the kid is larning. Additionally, parents learned it is of import to learn kids to give precedence to schoolwork and that giving the clip could convey satisfaction and a sense of achievement. The concluding result was increased parental engagement in the kid ‘s instruction, both at place and school. In decision, the survey suggests that it is possible for parents to develop higher degrees of battle with their kids, schools, and instructors. As they learn what is required for success in school, parents can put more specific ends for their kids. Kaplan, Turner, and Badger ( 2007 ) explored grounds for Latino misss ‘ elevated hazard for dropping out of high school. They focused on the relationships between their female parents and friends, academic accomplishment, grade of socialization, household environment, self-esteem, depression and ability to get by with emphasis to find if they had an influence on their attitudes about school. The literature revealed that Hispanic male childs and misss are three times more likely to drop out of high school than white or African American teens. This may ensue from school patterns such as differential intervention, low outlooks, and the school ‘s hapless communicating with parents of Latino teens sing their kids ‘s advancement every bit good as household force per unit areas. Latino misss ‘ perceptual experience of lower instructor support and higher household emphasis resulted in lower self-pride, disfavor of school and higher depression. Furthermore, De Las Fuen tes and Vasquez ( as cited in Kaplan, Turner, & A ; Badger, 2007 ) found that differential degrees of socialization appear to make parent-child struggle which has a peculiarly negative consequence on misss. Girls in peculiar are fearful of displeasing their parents as they try to absorb into American civilization. The consequences of the survey determined that a miss ‘s perceptual experience of mutualness with her female parent affected her attitude toward school. Girls who felt that their female parents were involved, understanding, and antiphonal to them were more likely to bask school and have higher overall classs. Not merely did the research confirm the importance of the mother-daughter relationship and its consequence on school accommodation, but it besides identified the demand to offer parental preparation to further this mutualness, and train instructors to be more cognizant of the effects of civilization. In decision, the literature explored many of the obstructions Latino pupils face in schools today. These barriers affect both their ability and desire to finish high school. There were three common subjects found among the barriers that contributed to the high dropout rates ( a ) environmental factors, ( B ) grounds built-in in the school system itself, and ( degree Celsius ) deficiency of parental engagement in instruction. The last component of parent engagement was looked at more closely to find grounds for deficiency of battle in kids ‘s acquisition procedure, and more significantly, to see if there is a possible connexion to Hofstede ‘s theoretical account of cultural dimensions. The undermentioned list summarizes some illustrations from the literature of Hispanics parents ‘ barriers to engagement in their kids ‘s instruction: trouble supervising pupils ‘ advancement and minimum communicating with the school ; rawness with educational systems ‘ policies and processs ; they do non cognize how to successfully step in since many are non graduates themselves ; unstable place environment and inability to supply positive educational function theoretical account ; trouble assisting kids with prep because of course of study and linguistic communication barriers ; small clip due to economic demand to work longer hours and other kids in the family ; outlooks that after-school plans will help kids with prep ; and different degree of socialization than their kids which can make a parent-child struggle. This list may assist explicate grounds for parents ‘ deficiency of engagement, but they do non reply the deep-seated causes for this type of behaviour. Could this be something immigrants brought with them from the old state and passed on from coevals to coevals? Possibly Hofstede ‘s power distance index from his Model of Cultural Dimensions can assist cast some visible radiation. As stated earlier, power distance measures the distribution of power and wealth between people in a state or civilization and seeks to show the extent to which ordinary citizens submit to authorization. Latin states, such as Mexico, with high power distance values rely on authorization figures to do determinations and clearly separate the functions of authorization figures from those governed. The line between ordinary citizens and those of higher societal position is seldom crossed, and fraternisation between the categories is frowned upon. Since most of the Latino immigrants were portion of the lower socioeconomic degrees in their native state, many may experience they can non alter their position in this state. As a consequence, it is possible they believe they are destined to stay in the same societal category and base on balls this attitude on to their childs. This type of self-fulfilling prognostication can be the major ground why Latino parents do non acquire involved in their kids ‘s educational development. Table 1 displays the grounds for parents ‘ deficiency of engagement and their position when viewed from a Hofstede power distance index lens. Table 1 Reasons for Non-Participation Viewed from Hofestede ‘s Power Distance Index Parents ‘ Reason for Lack of Participation Parents ‘ Point of View When Applying Hofstede ‘s Power Distance Index for Country with High Power Distance Value Trouble supervising pupils ‘ advancement and minimum communicating with school Not our topographic point to inquiry authorization, the disposal will guarantee pupils are having everything they need. Inexperience with educational systems ‘ policies and processs Rules and Torahs are made by the people in charge and they will guarantee schools do the right thing. Do non cognize how to successfully step in because many are non graduates themselves Parents do non prosecute or face, particularly with school functionaries. We understand and accept our function in society. Unstable place environment and inability to supply positive educational function theoretical account Family environment is unstable because of physical separation caused by work or in-migration. It is our fate in life to struggle-it is expected. Trouble assisting kids with prep because of course of study and linguistic communication barriers We can non understand the course of study or linguistic communication, but do non oppugn or inquire for aid. We assume the governments will step in if necessary. Small clip to assist pupils due to the economic demand to work longer hours. Besides many other kids in the family to look after It is more of import for households to take attention of life ‘s basic demands than to be concerned about unrealistic dreams of utilizing instruction to alter our societal position. Expectations that after-school plans will help kids with prep The authorities will take attention of educational demands and anything else they consider of import. They have their function and we have ours which is merely to work and take attention of our households. Parents have different degrees of socialization than their kids which can make a parent-child struggle Our childs are non following the proper ideals. They try to act like Americans, but they are non Americans. Their roots are Latino and they can non feign to be something else. The literature clarified many of the obstructions that Latino pupils have faced in U.S. schools, but there is non adequate accent and research on parental engagement in their kids ‘s educational promotion. This analysis revealed that the Hofstede theoretical account can be applied to this instance, but farther probe is still needed in this country. Possibly a more elaborate scrutiny comparing other facets of parents ‘ behaviour to GLOBE, Hall, or Kluckholn ‘s dimensions will assist impart support to this survey. The U.S. must acquire serious about turn toing the unacceptable Latino high school dropout rate job. During the following coevals, this nationality will go the largest minority group in the state. Without a solid educational foundation, Hispanics will stay in low-wage occupations and at the threshold of the poorness degree. The lone feasible solution to change by reversal this negative tendency is for parents to acquire involved in their kids ‘s instruction. Possibly they need to listen more, aid with prep, and emphasize the importance of instruction more frequently. As evidenced by the research, the actions of caring and back uping grownups encouraged pupils to set forth excess attempt in school. Unfortunately, many Latino parents do non cognize how to acquire involved so possibly it is clip for the authorities to step in. More support for plans such as the Parent Institute for Quality Education ( PIQE ) classs will assist parents derive an apprehension of the importance of in creased engagement in the kid ‘s instruction. By assisting parents develop higher degrees of battle with their kids, schools, and instructors, each wining coevals will larn what is required for success both in school and in life.